B-cells are an integral part of the adaptive immune system. This article delves into B-cell structure, developmental pathways, the dynamic interaction between B-cells and T-cells, and antibody production as part of the immune response against pathogens. Immunity conferred by B-cells is called humoral immunity, since the B-cells originate and mature in the the bone marrow… Continue reading Understanding B-Cells: Key to Humoral Immunity
The liver is a complex organ that carries out many different functions in the body. The liver is divided into lobes, each lobe is divided in hexagonal lobules, with a rich blood supply. The basic structure of the liver is made up of a single type of cell, called hepatocytes. Figure 1: Schematic showing cross-section… Continue reading Biology Biteables – Liver Structure and Function
The protein p53 is the product of the gene, TP53. Mutation in the TP53 gene has been associated with the pathology of several malignant cancers. TP53 is classified as a tumour-suppressor gene - it acts as a 'brake' during the cell cycle, and prevents cells from replicating too quickly. All human cells, apart from gametes… Continue reading The role of p53 in cancer
Translation is the process of converting the information on messenger RNA (mRNA) into a string of amino acids, called a polypeptide chain. The process of translation, the second stage of protein synthesis. Initiation At the start of Translation, the ribosome interacts with the start codon and attaches to the mRNA, along with an initiator tRNA.… Continue reading Biology Biteables – Translation (Protein Synthesis)
An Operon is a collection of genes, which perform a similar function. The Lac Operon controls the uptake and metabolism of Lactose. It is found in prokaryotes, such as E. coli. The Lac Operon consists of a Lac I gene (Repressor), a Promoter, an Operator, and three genes - Lac Z, Lac Y and Lac… Continue reading Biology Biteables – Lac Operon
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